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Let’s try to be clear as to what religion isn’t. Firstly, it isn’t morality. It isn’t being good or doing good. Many atheists have been exceptionally virtuous people, and many genuinely religious people have been exceptionally weaked. This does not mean that religion isn’t concerned about our behaviour. Of course it is: in fact, it adds its own severer penalties to those which nature and society impose upon the offender. More serious still, bad behaviour- even ordinary, respectable self-seeking – upsets a religious man’s relationship with the Divine, and is apt to leave him weak and lonely and miserable. Nevertheless, religion isn’t matter of how we act outwardly but rather of the inner attitude from which our behaviour springs. For instance, Ram and Sheela can do precisely the same thing in the same way (such as giving their lives to save a drowning man) yet the inside story is quite different. Sheela acts out of a sense of social duty or humanitarian compassion, whereas Ram may act from a motive which means nothing to Sheela – from a love for God which is necessarily love for all God’s creatures, or even identification with them. Ram feels he is that drowning man.

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The most formidable animal in the forests, that grew around the Mediterranean eight thousand years ago was the great reindeer. It stood six foot high at the shoulders and weighed about a ton. Apart from eye-witness account we know their dimensions from their fossilised bones and, more importantly, their appearance from the superb portraits of them painted by prehistoric man, particularly in the cave of Lascaux in Central France. It is possible that the act of painting played a part in the rituals designed to bring success in hunting and to ensure the continued fertility of the creatures on which people depended for food. Opposed to this is the view that at the time the paintings were made, the game was so abundant that magic was hardly required to find it. Whatever the differing views about the reindeers’ role in the ritual, it is clear that by 8000 BC at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, the reindeer had dominated the minds of the men who held it great respect. In Catal Huyuk in Central turkey, one of the earliest big towns to have developed around 6400 years age, the excavator found in several shrines reindeer’s heads modelled in clay protruding from the walls. It is not certain that the people of Catal Huyuk offered the reindeer for sacrifice but their domestication led to the reduction of reindeers’ size, both in body and in horns. But it is Memphis, capital of ancient Egypt around 2000BC that the reindeer commanded the highest respect, taking its place among other important deities in all Egypt.